Solution

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Content Coupling (A-I): This occurs when one module modifies or relies on the internal workings or data of another module.
• Control Coupling (B-II): This arises when one module passes control flags or signals to influence the logic of another module.
• Stamp Coupling (C-III): This occurs when modules share a composite data structure and operate on parts of it.
• Data Coupling (D-IV): This happens when modules communicate by passing data arguments, often in a long list.

Additional Information

• Coupling: It refers to the degree of interdependence between software modules. Lower coupling is generally preferred in software engineering to enhance modularity and maintainability.
• Types of Coupling:
  • Content Coupling: This is the highest (worst) form of coupling where one module directly accesses or modifies the internal contents of another.
  • Control Coupling: Occurs when one module controls the behavior of another by passing control information.
  • Stamp Coupling: Modules share a data structure but operate on different parts of it, which can lead to unnecessary dependency.
  • Data Coupling: This is a low (better) form of coupling where modules share data through parameters without unnecessary dependency.
• Importance of Low Coupling:
  • Improves code maintainability and readability.
  • Enhances the ability to test and debug individual modules independently.
  • Facilitates easier updates and modifications to one module without affecting others.
• Practical Examples:
  • Content Coupling: A function directly accessing a global variable or another function's private data.
  • Control Coupling: A function passing a flag to another function to determine which operation to perform.
  • Stamp Coupling: Passing a complex object (e.g., a class instance) when only a part of it is needed.
  • Data Coupling: Passing only necessary parameters (e.g., primitive data types) to functions.