Solution

The correct answer is Associativity and Precedence.

Key Points

• Shift-Reduce conflicts occur in parsing when the parser cannot decide whether to shift (read more input) or to reduce (apply a grammar rule) based on the current input and stack.
• These conflicts are typically resolved using associativity and precedence rules to dictate how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses.
• Associativity determines how operators of the same precedence are grouped in the absence of parentheses. For example, left associativity means operators are grouped from the left.
• Precedence determines the order in which different operators are applied. For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition.

Additional Information

• Left recursion is a technique used in grammar rules to help eliminate left recursive productions, which can lead to infinite loops in certain parsers. However, it does not help in resolving shift-reduce conflicts.
• Left factoring is a grammar transformation technique used to remove common prefixes from grammar rules to make them suitable for predictive parsing. It does not directly address shift-reduce conflicts.
• Ambiguity in grammar means that there is more than one way to derive a string, leading to multiple parse trees. While ambiguity can lead to shift-reduce conflicts, resolving it requires modifying the grammar rather than using precedence and associativity.