Solution

Correct answer is Call by value is always more efficient than call by reference.

• Statement 3 (False): "Call by value is always more efficient than call by reference."
  • Call by value is not always more efficient than call by reference.
  • For small data types, call by value might be more efficient because it avoids the indirection associated with pointers.
  • However, for large data types, call by reference can be more efficient because it avoids the overhead of copying large amounts of data, instead passing only the memory address, which saves memory and improves performance.

Additional Information

• Statement 1 (True): "All function calls in C pass arguments using call by value."
  • In C, function arguments are passed by value by default. This means the called function receives a copy of each argument.
• Statement 2 (True): "Call by reference enables a called function to modify a variable in the calling function."
  • Call by reference (or simulating it using pointers) allows the function to modify the original variable by accessing it through its memory address.
• Statement 4 (True): "Programmers use pointers and indirection operation to simulate call by reference."
  • In C, programmers use pointers to pass the address of variables to functions. The function can then use these pointers to modify the original variables, effectively simulating call by reference.