Solution

First Normal Form (1NF): If a relation contains a composite or multi-valued attribute, it violates the first normal form, or the relation is in first normal form if it does not contain any composite or multi-valued attribute. A relation is in first normal form if every attribute in that relation is singled valued attribute.

• Relation R is in 1NF because it is given that for each attribute, R will have single and atomic values only.

Second Normal Form (2NF): It applies to relations with composite keys, that is, relations with a primary key composed of two or more attributes. A relation with a single-attribute primary key is automatically in at least 2NF. A relation that is not in 2NF may suffer from the update anomalies.

• Relation R may or may not be 2NF.

Primary Key: It is the column or columns that contain values that uniquely identify each row in a table.

• ​Since R has F = {x → y, z → w}, it shows that if x and z are taken together, they will uniquely identify each row in the relation R.